01 - Preheat oven to 350°F and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
02 - In a large bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and pumpkin pie spice until well combined.
03 - In a separate bowl, whisk together oil, eggs, pumpkin purée, milk, and vanilla extract until smooth and emulsified.
04 - Pour wet ingredients into dry ingredients and fold together until just combined. Take care not to overmix to maintain tender texture.
05 - Beat cream cheese and sugar in a medium bowl until smooth and creamy. Add egg yolk, heavy cream, ground cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and vanilla. Beat until fully incorporated and silky.
06 - Spoon pumpkin batter into each muffin liner, filling about 2/3 full to allow room for rising and the cheesecake swirl.
07 - Drop approximately 1 tablespoon of chai cheesecake filling onto the center of each muffin. Use a toothpick to gently swirl the filling into the batter, creating a marbled effect.
08 - Bake for 20–22 minutes until a toothpick inserted into the pumpkin portion (avoiding the cheesecake center) comes out clean and tops are golden.
09 - Let muffins cool in the pan for 10 minutes to set, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely before serving.